Electrical Formulas
Conversion Formulas
Area of Circle = πr2
Breakeven Dollars = Overhead Cost $/Gross Profit %
Busbar Ampacity AL = 700A Sq. in. and CU = 1000A Sq. in.
Centimeters = Inches x 2.54
Inch = 0.0254 Meters
Inch = 2.54 Centimeters
Inch = 25.4 Millimeters
Kilometer = 0.6213 Miles
Length of Coiled Wire = Diameter of Coil (average) x Number of Coils x π
Lightning Distance in Miles = Seconds between flash and thunder/4.68
Meter = 39.37 Inches
Mile = 5280 ft, 1760 yards, 1609 meters, 1.609 km
Millimeter = 0.03937 Inch
Selling Price = Estimated Cost $/(1 - Gross Profit %)
Speed of Sound (Sea Level) = 1128 fps or 769 mph
Temp C = (Temp F - 32)/1.8
Temp F = (Temp C x 1.8) + 32
Yard = 0.9144 Meters
Electrical Formulas Based on 60 Hz
Capacitive Reactance (XC) in Ohms = 1/(2π f C)
Effective (RMS) AC Amperes = Peak Amperes x 0.707
Effective (RMS) AC Volts = Peak Volts x 0.707
Efficiency (percent) = Output/Input x 100
Efficiency = Output/Input
Horsepower = Output Watts/746
Inductive Reactance (XL) in Ohms = 2 π f L
Input = Output/Efficiency
A2 + B 2 + C 2 − ( AB + BC + AC)
Neutral Current (Wye) =
Output = Input x Efficiency
2
Peak AC Volts = Effective (RMS) AC Volts x
2
Peak Amperes = Effective (RMS) Amperes x
Power Factor (PF) = Watts/VA
VA (apparent power) = Volts x Ampere or Watts/Power Factor
VA 1-Phase = Volts x Amperes
VA 3-Phase = Volts x Amperes x 3
Watts (real power) Single-Phase = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor
Watts (real power) Three-Phase = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor x 3
Parallel Circuits
Note 1: Total resistance is always less than the smallest resistor
RT = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +...)
Note 2: Total current is equal to the sum of the currents of all parallel resistors
Note 3: Total power is equal to the sum of power of all parallel resistors
Note 4: Voltage is the same across each of the parallel resistors
Series Circuits
Note 1: Total resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistors
Note 2: Current in the circuit remains the same through all the resistors
Note 3: Voltage source is equal to the sum of voltage drops of all resistors
Note 4: Power of the circuit is equal to the sum of the power of all resistors
Transformer Amperes
Secondary Amperes 1-Phase = VA/Volts
Secondary Amperes 3-Phase = VA/Volts x 3
Secondary Available Fault 1-Phase = VA/(Volts x %impedance)
3
Secondary Available Fault 3-Phase = VA/(Volts x x %Impedance)
3
Delta 4-Wire: Line Amperes = Phase (one winding) Amperes x
Delta 4-Wire: Line Volts = Phase (one Winding) Volts
3
Delta 4-Wire: High-Leg Voltage (L-to-G) = Phase (one winding) Volts x 0.5 x
Wye: Line Volts = Phase (one winding) Volts x 3
Wye: Line Amperes = Phase (one winding) Amperes
Voltage Drop
VD (1-Phase) = 2KID/CM
3 KID/CM
VD (3-Phase) =
CM (1-Phase) = 2KID/VD
3 KID/VD
CM (3-Phase) =
Code Rules
Breaker/Fuse Ratings – 240.6(A)
Conductor Ampacity – 310.15 and Table 310.16
Equipment Grounding Conductor – 250.122
Grounding Electrode Conductor – 250.66
Motor Conductor Size – 430.22 (Single) 430.24 (Multiple)
Motor Short-Circuit Protection – 430.52
Transformer Overcurrent Protection – 450.3
π (Pi) = (3.142 approximately), 2 = 1.414 (approximately), 3 = 1.732
(approximately), f = Frequency, r = radius, d = diameter, C = Capacitance (farads),
L = Inductance (henrys), CM = Circular Mils (Chapter 9, Table 8), VD = Volts Drop,
K75°C = (12.9 ohms CU) (21.2 ohms AL), I = Amperes of load, D = Distance one way
Area of Circle = πr2
Breakeven Dollars = Overhead Cost $/Gross Profit %
Busbar Ampacity AL = 700A Sq. in. and CU = 1000A Sq. in.
Centimeters = Inches x 2.54
Inch = 0.0254 Meters
Inch = 2.54 Centimeters
Inch = 25.4 Millimeters
Kilometer = 0.6213 Miles
Length of Coiled Wire = Diameter of Coil (average) x Number of Coils x π
Lightning Distance in Miles = Seconds between flash and thunder/4.68
Meter = 39.37 Inches
Mile = 5280 ft, 1760 yards, 1609 meters, 1.609 km
Millimeter = 0.03937 Inch
Selling Price = Estimated Cost $/(1 - Gross Profit %)
Speed of Sound (Sea Level) = 1128 fps or 769 mph
Temp C = (Temp F - 32)/1.8
Temp F = (Temp C x 1.8) + 32
Yard = 0.9144 Meters
Electrical Formulas Based on 60 Hz
Capacitive Reactance (XC) in Ohms = 1/(2π f C)
Effective (RMS) AC Amperes = Peak Amperes x 0.707
Effective (RMS) AC Volts = Peak Volts x 0.707
Efficiency (percent) = Output/Input x 100
Efficiency = Output/Input
Horsepower = Output Watts/746
Inductive Reactance (XL) in Ohms = 2 π f L
Input = Output/Efficiency
A2 + B 2 + C 2 − ( AB + BC + AC)
Neutral Current (Wye) =
Output = Input x Efficiency
2
Peak AC Volts = Effective (RMS) AC Volts x
2
Peak Amperes = Effective (RMS) Amperes x
Power Factor (PF) = Watts/VA
VA (apparent power) = Volts x Ampere or Watts/Power Factor
VA 1-Phase = Volts x Amperes
VA 3-Phase = Volts x Amperes x 3
Watts (real power) Single-Phase = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor
Watts (real power) Three-Phase = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor x 3
Parallel Circuits
Note 1: Total resistance is always less than the smallest resistor
RT = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +...)
Note 2: Total current is equal to the sum of the currents of all parallel resistors
Note 3: Total power is equal to the sum of power of all parallel resistors
Note 4: Voltage is the same across each of the parallel resistors
Series Circuits
Note 1: Total resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistors
Note 2: Current in the circuit remains the same through all the resistors
Note 3: Voltage source is equal to the sum of voltage drops of all resistors
Note 4: Power of the circuit is equal to the sum of the power of all resistors
Transformer Amperes
Secondary Amperes 1-Phase = VA/Volts
Secondary Amperes 3-Phase = VA/Volts x 3
Secondary Available Fault 1-Phase = VA/(Volts x %impedance)
3
Secondary Available Fault 3-Phase = VA/(Volts x x %Impedance)
3
Delta 4-Wire: Line Amperes = Phase (one winding) Amperes x
Delta 4-Wire: Line Volts = Phase (one Winding) Volts
3
Delta 4-Wire: High-Leg Voltage (L-to-G) = Phase (one winding) Volts x 0.5 x
Wye: Line Volts = Phase (one winding) Volts x 3
Wye: Line Amperes = Phase (one winding) Amperes
Voltage Drop
VD (1-Phase) = 2KID/CM
3 KID/CM
VD (3-Phase) =
CM (1-Phase) = 2KID/VD
3 KID/VD
CM (3-Phase) =
Code Rules
Breaker/Fuse Ratings – 240.6(A)
Conductor Ampacity – 310.15 and Table 310.16
Equipment Grounding Conductor – 250.122
Grounding Electrode Conductor – 250.66
Motor Conductor Size – 430.22 (Single) 430.24 (Multiple)
Motor Short-Circuit Protection – 430.52
Transformer Overcurrent Protection – 450.3
π (Pi) = (3.142 approximately), 2 = 1.414 (approximately), 3 = 1.732
(approximately), f = Frequency, r = radius, d = diameter, C = Capacitance (farads),
L = Inductance (henrys), CM = Circular Mils (Chapter 9, Table 8), VD = Volts Drop,
K75°C = (12.9 ohms CU) (21.2 ohms AL), I = Amperes of load, D = Distance one way
